Torsional vibration damper with discretized hub

ABSTRACT

The disclosed invention is a novel method for constructing a Torsional Vibration Damper (TVD). The traditional means used to construct the hub of the TVD was to employ a single material. The disclosed invention essentially discretizes the construction of the TVD hub into three regions: nose, spokes, and flange, and simultaneously aligns unique materials and manufacturing methods for each region with the structural loads borne thereby. Consequently, the invention helps in reduces four unwanted characteristics: (1) mass; (2) polar mass moment of inertia; and (3) casting scrap; and (4) cost. Furthermore, because of this construction other enhancements to the axial and angular structural integrity of the TVD can be reaped in certain cases.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to a device for attenuating torsional vibrations inherent to certain rotating shafts. More particularly the invention discloses a novel method for constructing a Torsional Vibration Damper.

BACKGROUND

Vibrating shafts have torsional vibrations inherent due to their non-uniform construction (e.g. crankshafts, and camshafts), or the nature of the driving mechanism employed (e.g. firing order of an internal combustion engine, or gearing), or the method employed for their connection to another shaft (e.g. through a universal, or a constant-velocity joint). These torsional vibrations if left unattended reach a peak amplitude when their exciting frequency approaches the natural torsional frequency of the shaft; this phenomenon is called resonance, and can cause premature fatigue failure of the shaft, or can be felt as undesirable noise or vibration by a vehicle or machine operator.

Torsional Vibration Dampers (TVDs) are commonly employed to attenuate such undesirable vibrations. The objective of a TVD is break the vibratory amplitude peak at resonance to two (or more) smaller peaks which have sufficiently reduced amplitudes that can be sustained by the shaft.

In recent years, engine and vehicle manufactures have been greatly focusing on reducing the mass and polar mass moment of inertia (PMMI) of rotating components in the crank-train. It must be appreciated that some components of the rotating crank-train necessitate a certain mass and PMMI, examples being the TVD ring, the crankshaft counterweights, and the engine flywheel. Such mass and PMMI work to improve crank-train performance and are classified as being “symbiotic.” However, the mass and PMMI of some components are counterproductive and worsen the performance of the crank-train. Such mass and PMMI are classified as being “parasitic,” and their reduction is desired to improve the Noise Vibration and Harshness (NVH) performance, increase fuel economy, improve exhaust emissions, and enhance the overall durability of the engine. The TVD hub is one such component with parasitic mass and PMMI.

FIG. 1 illustrates a simple conventional TVD that includes an inner rigid structural bracket namely the hub 1; an outer active inertial component namely the ring 3; and an elastomer 2 (in ring or strip form) that is press-fitted between hub 1 and ring 3. Hub 1 connects the TVD to the vibrating shaft via the central cylindrical surface namely the bore 113. Furthermore, hub 1 includes an outer peripheral axis-symmetric surface 132 that receives the inner-diametric surface of elastomer 2. Ring 3 similarly includes an inner peripheral axis-symmetric surface 31 that receives the outer-diametric surface of elastomer 2.

Hub 1 is usually cast from a single material including but not limited to Gray Iron, or Nodular Iron. The invention disclosed herein recognizes that hub 1 may be discretized by virtue of its geometric configuration into three distinct regions namely (1) nose 11 including a first planar annular surface namely the washer face 111, opposed by a second planar annular surface namely the back face 112 and bounded by a radially proximate cylindrical surface namely bore 113, and a radially distal axis-symmetric surface namely seal 114; (2) spokes 12 including a plurality of radial extensions connecting the distal radial periphery of nose 11 to the proximate radial periphery of the flange 13; and (3) flange 13 including a first planar annular surface 133, opposed by a second planar annular surface 134 and bounded by a radially proximate axis-symmetric surface 131, and a radially distal axis-symmetric surface 132.

Gray Iron, or Nodular Iron have traditionally been preferred over low carbon steel for constructing hub 1 because of their cost effectiveness, ability to be cast, machinability, and excellent hardness (required for resisting seal wear). For example, Brinell hardness of SAE J431 grade 3500 Gray Iron is 230 (generally adequate for resisting seal wear), while that of AISI 1020 cold rolled steel is only 121 (generally inadequate for resisting seal wear).

In rare instances, Die Cast, Squeeze Cast, or Forged Aluminum have been utilized for constructing hub 1, but with a protective hardened Chrome Molybdenum Steel sleeve press-fitted over seal 114 to provide the necessary hardness for resisting seal wear. This manufacturing process has proven to be cost-prohibitive hence has been very sparingly used in production.

The traditional process of casting the hub involves pouring molten Gray Iron or Nodular Iron via a sprue in the flange region into the mold cavity and “feeding” the casting such that the Iron first forms flange 13, then flows through the spokes 12 into nose 11. This process forces the spokes 12 to have a certain cross-sectional geometry to ensure proper filling of the mold cavity. If spokes 12 don't have sufficient cross-sectional the molten metal tends to cool and solidify prematurely and blocking off the flow into the nose 11 thereby producing defective parts. To compound this problem, there is no porosity allowed on the nose 1 as it provides a barrier preventing the engine oil from leaking out of the engine block.

This fact effectively forces spokes 12 to be larger than what is necessitated by the structural and NVH loading in the application. Furthermore, flange 13 that contributes to most of the mass and PMMI of hub 1 is the region that is structurally loaded very lightly in the application.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The disclosed invention geometrically trisects the standard TVD hub and couples the structural demand of each resulting region with a corresponding material, and a practical method for manufacturing the same. These three regions are the nose, spokes, and flange as defined above. The resulting device enables dramatic reduction of the mass and PMMI of the hub, while not compromising its structural integrity, NVH performance, and cost-effectiveness.

More particularly, the nose is constructed from a hard material such as Gray Iron or Nodular Iron to ensure the adequate wear characteristics required; the spokes are constructed from a strong ductile material such as Low Carbon Steel to ensure adequate bending and torsional fatigue strength; and the flange is constructed from a light weight material such as Aluminum as it is a lightly loaded structural member in the application.

This invention and the method of assembly thereof may be further appreciated considering the following detailed description and drawings in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a partial cross-section illustrating the structure of a conventional TVD.

FIG. 2 is a partial cross-section illustrating an embodiment of the invention where the ring is positioned radially outward from the hub.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of the process of constructing the invention.

FIG. 4 is a partial cross-section illustrating another embodiment of the invention where the ring is positioned radially outward from the hub and the spokes do not interfere with the surfaces that receive the elastomer.

FIG. 5 is a partial cross-section illustrating another embodiment of the invention where the ring is positioned radially inward from the hub and the spokes do not interfere with the surfaces that receive the elastomer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosed invention geometrically trisects the standard TVD hub and couples the structural demand of each resulting region with a corresponding material, and a practical method for manufacturing the same. The resulting device enables dramatic reduction of the mass and PMMI of the hub, while not compromising its structural integrity, NVH performance, and cost-effectiveness.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the invention that comprises of hub 1 a, ring 3, and elastomer 2. Here the ring 3 and elastomer 2 have not changed from those represented in FIG. 1, and therefore need not be discussed except with reference to their geometric positioning with respect to hub 1 a. In this embodiment, elastomer 2 and ring 3 are positioned radially outward from the hub 1 a.

Hub 1 a includes three regions that are constructed using separate materials and manufacturing processes. At the radially proximate location to the TVD center-line is nose 11 a including a first planar annular surface namely washer face 111 a, opposed by a second planar annular surface namely back face 112 a and bounded by a radially proximate cylindrical surface namely bore 113 a, and a radially distal axis-symmetric surface namely seal 114 a. Nose 11 a also includes a plurality of holes 115 that may or may not be threaded (depending upon the type of fasteners used) acting as receivers for spokes 12 a.

Extending radially outward from nose 11 a are a plurality of spokes 12 a connecting the distal radial periphery of nose 11 a to the proximate radial periphery of the flange 13 a, including but not limited to threaded bolts, partially threaded bolts, shoulder bolts, stepped or straight pins, hollow pins, spring pins, rivets, stakes etc. Spokes 12 a may have a tensile preload on them (if they are threaded bolts, or shoulder bolts); a compressive preload on them (if they are partially threaded bolts—thread being proximate to the head of the bolt); or no preload (if they are press-fitted solid or hollow pins).

At the radially distal location to the TVD centerline, is the flange 13 a including a first annular planar surface 133 a, opposed by a second annular planar surface 134 a and bounded by a radially proximate axis-symmetric surface 131 a, and a radially distal axis-symmetric surface 132 a. Flange 13 a also includes a plurality of radially oriented counterbored or countersunk (CB/CS) holes 135 that receive spokes 12 a. The through holed portions of CB/CS holes 135 may be threaded if partially threaded bolts are used—thread being proximate to the head of the bolt); or non-threaded if standard bolts, shoulder bolts, or pins are used for spokes 12 a. It must be appreciated that the radially distal axis-symmetric surface 132 a after machining includes two materials (of spokes 12 a and of flange 13 a).

There are several possible embodiments that have been contemplated using different fastener types for spokes 12 a. Furthermore, alternate embodiments may be contemplated where the spokes 12 a are not vertically oriented, but oriented at an angle to produce hub 1 a where the nose 11 a and the flange 13 a are axially offset with respect to each other.

The nose 11 a can be constructed from any rigid material that can bear the compressive load of the crankshaft bolt that is tightened against the washer face 111 a, and has adequate wear resistance for the front engine seal (at seal 114 a). Most commonly this would be either Gray Iron or Nodular Iron. However, the manufacturing method may now incorporate billet machining (machining from bar stock) as a cost-effective alternative given the small size of this component. Billet machined Aluminum with a hardened Chrome Molybdenum Steel sleeve could also be used as an alternative material.

The spokes 12 a usually experience a combination of reverse torsional and bending fatigue type loading in the application and must be constructed from a rigid strong material with some ductility. Such materials include but are not limited to Aluminums, Gray Irons, Nodular Irons, Steels, or even Composite materials such as Glass Reinforced Nylons. However, the most cost-effective option for the construction of spokes 12 a is to use commercial grade Steel fasteners including but not limited to threaded bolts, partially threaded bolts, shoulder bolts, stepped or straight pins, hollow pins, spring pins, rivets, stakes etc.

The flange 13 a is constructed from a relatively light but rigid material including but not limited to Aluminums, Gray Irons, Nodular Irons, Steels, or even Composite materials such as Glass Reinforced Nylons. Flange 13 a is a lightly loaded structural component but is essential to support the elastomer 2 at a certain radial distance from the axial centerline of the TVD. Therefore, due to the nature of its geometric construction flange 13 a the largest contributor to the parasitic mass and PMMI of hub 1 a. Every effort must be made to make this component as light as possible without compromising its structural stability.

The resulting construction yields a dramatic reduction in mass and PMMI of the hub 1 a when compared to its traditional counterpart hub 1 in FIG. 1. For example, the hub 1 in FIG. 1 when cast and machined completely out of Gray Iron (or Nodular Iron because it has the same density) has a mass of 0.483 kg and a PMMI of 769 kg-mm²; while the hub 1 a in FIG. 2 which has the same geometric configuration where the nose 11 a is constructed from Gray Iron (or Nodular Iron because it has the same density), the spokes 12 a are constructed from standard steel bolts, and the flange 13 a is constructed from Aluminum has a mass of 0.256 kg and a PMMI of 314 kg-mm². This essentially shows a mass reduction of 47% and a PMMI reduction of 59% between a traditionally constructed hub and that disclosed by the invention. Though different configurations would yield different reductions, it can be safely assumed that mass reduction between 0% and 70% can be expected and PMMI reduction between 0% to 80% can be expected. Additionally, the invention will also yield reduction in casting scrap and cost.

FIG. 3 illustrates a method for constructing the invention. The process of manufacturing a finished hub 1 a essentially consists of four stages followed by final assembly. These stages are illustrated via arrows from the left-hand top to the right-hand bottom of FIG. 3.

In the first stage the hub 1 a starts off with three components: (1) the raw flange 13 b which has associated machining stock on its outer-diameter surface; (2) the spokes 12 a that comprise of a plurality of desired headed fasteners; and (3) a fully machined nose 11 a with threaded or unthreaded holes 115 for receiving spokes 12 a.

In the second stage, a series of radially oriented CB/CS holes 135 are machined into flange 13 c. The through holed portions of CB/CS holes 135 may be threaded if partially threaded bolts are used—thread being proximate to the head of the bolt; or non-threaded if standard bolts, shoulder bolts, or headed pins are used for spokes 12 a. This modified flange 13 c is still not in its finished condition.

In the third stage the spokes 12 a are installed into the counterbored holes in flange 13 c and received by the receptacles 115 in nose 11 a. The hub 1 a′ is now in one piece.

In the fourth stage the hub 1 a′ is machined on its radially distal periphery to obtain the desired geometry for receiving elastomer 2. Hub 1 a′ thus transforms into its finished condition 1 a.

Lastly, elastomer 2 is press-fitted in between hub 1 a and ring 3 thereby completing the assembly of the TVD.

FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the invention where elastomer 2 d and ring 3 d are positioned radially outward from hub 1 d. However, the spokes 12 d do not interfere with surface 132 d of hub 1 d and with surface 31 d of ring 3 d; therefore, the requirement to machine surface 132 d after assembly of the spokes 12 d is essentially eliminated.

The construction of the nose 11 d remains unaltered from the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2. Flange 13 d may now have a plurality of tab like axial extensions that contain the CB/CS holes 135 d, or just an extended axis-symmetric region without tabs that contains the CB/CS holes 135 d. Correspondingly, ring 3 d may have a plurality of openings through which the heads of the spokes 12 d extend. This construction essentially creates an angular hard stop for preventing the slip of the elastomer along surfaces 31 d and 132 d under high torsional loading such as a Front End Accessory Drive (FEAD) lock. Furthermore, this construction also creates an axial hard stop for preventing the slip of the elastomer along surfaces 31 d and 132 d under high axial loading such as a vehicle collision.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the invention where elastomer 2 e and ring 3 e are positioned radially inward to hub 1 e. Such a construction is otherwise known as an “Internal Mass TVD,” or alternatively as a “Direct-Drive TVD” and is the preferred construction for Belt Start Generation (BSG) systems used in engine start-stop applications. Such vehicles require that the torque path from the FEAD to the crankshaft be directly through hub 1 e, and not through the elastomer 2 e which could potentially slip along surfaces 132 e or 31 e. However, the spokes 12 e do not interfere with surface 132 e of hub 1 e and with surface 31 e of ring 3 e; therefore, the requirement to machine surface 132 e after assembly of the spokes 12 e is essentially eliminated.

The construction of the nose 11 e remains unaltered from the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2. Flange 13 e may now have a plurality of tab like axial extensions that contain the CB/CS holes 135 e, or just an extended axis-symmetric region without tabs that contains the CB/CS holes 135 e. Correspondingly, ring 3 e may have a plurality of openings through which the heads of the spokes 12 e extend. This construction essentially creates an angular hard stop for preventing the slip of the elastomer along surfaces 31 e and 132 e under high torsional loading such as a FEAD lock. Furthermore, this construction also creates an axial hard stop for preventing the slip of the elastomer along surfaces 31 e and 132 e under high axial loading such as a vehicle collision. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A hub of a Torsional Vibration Damper (TVD), comprising: a nose including a first planar annular surface oriented perpendicular to the central axis of the TVD (CL); opposed by a second planar annular surface; bounded by a first cylindrical surface radially proximate to the CL; and a second axis-symmetric surface radially distal to the CL, further including a plurality of blind threaded holes that are radially oriented pointing towards the CL; a flange including a first annular planar surface oriented perpendicular to the CL, opposed by a second annular planar surface; bounded by a first axis-symmetric surface radially proximate to the CL; and a second axis-symmetric surface radially distal to the CL further including a plurality of counter bored holes radially oriented pointing towards the CL; spokes including a plurality of bolts the heads of which are received by the Counterbored or Countersunk (CB/CS) holes in the flange; the threads of which are engaged by the threaded holes in the nose; and the heads of which are partially machined off to create the continuous second axis-symmetric surface of the flange for receiving the elastomer.
 2. The hub defined in claim 1 where the spokes include a plurality of shoulder bolts the heads of which are received by the CB/CS holes in the flange; the threads of which are engaged by the threaded holes in the nose; and the heads of which are partially machined off to create the continuous second axis-symmetric surface of the flange for receiving the TVD elastomer.
 3. The hub defined in claim 1 where the spokes do not interfere with the axis-symmetric surface of the flange that receives the elastomer, and the heads of the bolts do not need to be machined off.
 4. The hub defined in claim 2 where the spokes do not interfere with the axis-symmetric surface of the flange that receives the elastomer, and the heads of the shoulder bolts do not need to be machined off.
 5. A TVD that includes the hub defined in claim 3 (counterbored holes only) and that further includes an elastomer band, and ring positioned radially outward from the hub and has features corresponding to the plurality of the heads of the bolts that allow the operational angular and axial movement of the ring with respect to the hub but enable a hard stop angularly and axially under high loads as a safety feature.
 6. A TVD that includes the hub defined in claim 3 (counterbored holes only) and that further includes an elastomer band, and ring positioned radially inward from the hub and has features corresponding to the plurality of the heads of the bolts that allow the operational angular and axial movement of the ring with respect to the hub but enable a hard stop angularly and axially under high loads as a safety feature.
 7. A TVD that includes the hub defined in claim 4 (counterbored holes only) and that further includes an elastomer band, and ring positioned radially outward from the hub and has features corresponding to the plurality of the heads of the shoulder bolts that allow the operational angular and axial movement of the ring with respect to the hub but enable a hard stop angularly and axially under high loads as a safety feature.
 8. A TVD that includes the hub defined in claim 4 (counterbored holes only) and that further includes an elastomer band, and ring positioned radially inward from the hub and has features corresponding to the plurality of the heads of the shoulder bolts that allow the operational angular and axial movement of the ring with respect to the hub but enable a hard stop angularly and axially under high loads as a safety feature.
 9. A hub of a TVD, comprising: a nose including a first planar annular surface oriented perpendicular to the central axis of the TVD (CL); opposed by a second planar annular surface; bounded by a first cylindrical surface radially proximate to the CL; and a second axis-symmetric surface radially distal to the CL, further including a plurality of blind holes that are radially oriented pointing towards the CL; a flange including a first annular planar surface oriented perpendicular to the CL, opposed by a second annular planar surface; bounded by a first axis-symmetric surface radially proximate to the CL; and a second axis-symmetric surface radially distal to the CL further including a plurality of counter bored holes radially oriented pointing towards the CL; spokes including a plurality of headed pins the heads of which are received by the CB/CS holes in the flange; the opposite ends of which are engaged via a press-fit by the holes in the nose; and the heads of which are partially machined off to create the continuous second axis-symmetric surface of the flange for receiving the elastomer.
 10. The hub defined in claim 9 where the spokes do not interfere with the axis-symmetric surface of the flange that receives the elastomer, and the heads of the headed pins do not need to be machined off.
 11. A TVD that includes the hub defined in claim 10 (counterbored holes only) and that further includes an elastomer band, and ring positioned radially outward from the hub and has features corresponding to the plurality of the heads of the headed pins that allow the operational angular and axial movement of the ring with respect to the hub but enable a hard stop angularly and axially under high loads as a safety feature.
 12. A TVD that includes the hub defined in claim 10 (counterbored holes only) and that further includes an elastomer band, and ring positioned radially inward from the hub and has features corresponding to the plurality of the heads of the headed pins that allow the operational angular and axial movement of the ring with respect to the hub but enable a hard stop angularly and axially under high loads as a safety feature.
 13. A hub for a TVD, comprising: a nose including a first planar annular surface oriented perpendicular to the central axis of the TVD (CL); opposed by a second planar annular surface; bounded by a first cylindrical surface radially proximate to the CL; and a second axis-symmetric surface radially distal to the CL, further including a plurality of blind holes that are radially oriented pointing towards the CL; a flange including a first annular planar surface oriented perpendicular to the CL, opposed by a second annular planar surface; bounded by a first axis-symmetric surface radially proximate to the CL; and a second axis-symmetric surface radially distal to the CL further including a plurality of counter bored threaded holes radially oriented pointing towards the CL; spokes including a plurality of partially threaded bolts the location of the threads being proximate to the head of the bolt the heads of which are received by the CB/CS holes in the flange; the threads of which are engaged by the threaded holes in the flange; the opposite ends of which are engaged via a press-fit or slip-fit by the holes in the nose; and the heads of which are partially machined off to create the continuous second axis-symmetric surface of the flange for receiving the elastomer.
 14. The hub defined in claim 13 where the spokes do not interfere with the axis-symmetric surface of the flange that receives the elastomer, and the heads of the partially threaded bolts do not need to be machined off.
 15. A TVD that includes the hub defined in claim 14 (counterbored holes only) and that further includes an elastomer band, and ring positioned radially outward from the hub and has features corresponding to the plurality of the heads of the partially threaded bolts that allow the operational angular and axial movement of the ring with respect to the hub but enable a hard stop angularly and axially under high loads as a safety feature.
 16. A TVD that includes the hub defined in claim 14 (counterbored holes only) and that further includes an elastomer band, and ring positioned radially inward from the hub and has features corresponding to the plurality of the heads of the partially threaded bolts that allow the operational angular and axial movement of the ring with respect to the hub but enable a hard stop angularly and axially under high loads as a safety feature. 